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Main
Date: 12 Sep 2006 00:19:56
From:
Subject: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
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Hello,
A question about historical truth.
It is said that Galileo discovered the phases of Venus phases in 1610. OK.
It is also said that he invented his scope only in 1610
Two dates to be confirmed, and if possible in the month close...
If I simulate the sky at that time, of Firenze, arcetri, we discover that in
Jan-April 1610 Venus was in the East, 10° over the horizon with 80%+
illuminated, thus very small, and at the end in the rays of sun. hard to
imagine that he observed it at that time. It nevertheless could have did it.
On the other hand, at the autumn 1609 venus shows a fine crescent, and was
higher in the sky of the morning
Idem from ober 1610 but, this time in the eve.
However it would have published his Siderius Nuncius in March 1610 (also to
re-confirm).
Impossible thus that he observed the beautiful crescent of venus before
publishing his book.
It was thus to have written his explanation and signed the "go for
printing", say at least 1 month before, in February
If one assumes that it was very smart, it obviously could have interpreted
the phases right between the invention of his scope and February 1610.
But that leaves him just a few weeks, and in counting on clear sky every
days, to discover the phases and its explanations, under bad seeing, without
speaking about his optics....
The book having been published in March, he would thus have observed Venus
at the worst moment of its phase Or he had to develop his scope in 1609...
But here also, the first drafts of Giovanni Battista della Porta were
published in August 1609... (to confirm as well). But that of Galileo would
not have been invented yet at that time.
That would tend to confirm that Galileo would have discovered the Venus
phases at a time it had a small diameter (< 15-12" if I remember well) under
very difficult conditions (both hardware and astronomical). The discovery
would all the more be deserving.
But is this well at that time that all that was held ?
Who could find me the exact dates (invention of Galileo's scope, 1st obs.,
obser. of Venus phases, publication of Messenger, etc)
Thanks in avdance
Thierry
http://www.astrosurf.org/lombry
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Date: 12 Sep 2006 00:33:37
From: Ernie Wright
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
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Thierry wrote:
> Who could find me the exact dates (invention of Galileo's scope, 1st
> obs., obser. of Venus phases, publication of Messenger, etc)
He observed the phases of Venus about eight months *after* he published
Sidereus Nuncius.
Aug 1609 - completed and demonstrated a 9x instrument
Nov 1609 - completed a 20x instrument and began observing the sky
Mar 1610 - published Sidereus Nuncius
Nov 1610 - began observing Venus
Dec 1610 - announced observation of Venus phases
Galileo demonstrated the 9x telescope to the Senate of Venice on 23
August 1609. (Galileo describes the demonstration in a 29 August 1609
letter which says, "...it has been 6 days since...") They observed
ships at sea, not the sky.
The letter at the beginning of Sidereus Nuncius dedicating the book to
Cosimo II de Medici is dated 12 March 1610.
Galileo announced his observation of the phases of Venus in a letter to
Giuliano de Medici dated 11 December 1610. He hid the announcement in
the form of an anagram,
Haec immatura a me iam frustra leguntur o y
which when unscrambled is
Cynthiae figuras aemulatur mater amorum
The mother of love emulates the figures of Cynthia
Venus has phases like the Moon
This is all from Albert Van Helden's English translation of Sidereus
Nuncius.
- Ernie http://home.comcast.net/~erniew
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Date: 12 Sep 2006 13:41:26
From:
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
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"Ernie Wright" <erniew@comcast.net > wrote in message
news:LMydneuns8KlpZvYnZ2dnUVZ_tqdnZ2d@comcast.com...
> Thierry wrote:
>
>> Who could find me the exact dates (invention of Galileo's scope, 1st
>> obs., obser. of Venus phases, publication of Messenger, etc)
>
> He observed the phases of Venus about eight months *after* he published
> Sidereus Nuncius.
>
> Aug 1609 - completed and demonstrated a 9x instrument
> Nov 1609 - completed a 20x instrument and began observing the sky
> Mar 1610 - published Sidereus Nuncius
> Nov 1610 - began observing Venus
Sure of november ?
I found various sources stating "from september". Who is right ?
(note that from nov venus was gibbeous about 60% illuminated and prob. 20"
or so in size)
if nobody can confirm here I will try to find the answer at IMSS, maybe they
now it...
> Dec 1610 - announced observation of Venus phases
>
> Galileo demonstrated the 9x telescope to the Senate of Venice on 23
> August 1609. (Galileo describes the demonstration in a 29 August 1609
> letter which says, "...it has been 6 days since...") They observed
> ships at sea, not the sky.
>...
August 23, 1609 is well confirmed by various sources. Remain to find the
officiel text.
Thierry
>
> This is all from Albert Van Helden's English translation of Sidereus
> Nuncius.
>
> - Ernie http://home.comcast.net/~erniew
>
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Date: 12 Sep 2006 12:28:33
From: Ernie Wright
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
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Thierry wrote:
>> Nov 1610 - began observing Venus
>
> Sure of november ?
No. ober or even September might be a better answer, but it depends
on the exact question. It's not likely that Galileo saw any change in
phase before November, nor is it clear that he was specifically looking
for phase change prior to that.
He probably observed Venus as a morning star in the spring of 1610, so
we could also say that he "began observing Venus" almost a year before
he announced the observation of phases.
He wrote to Castelli at the end of December 1610 or the beginning of
January 1611,
Know, therefore, that about 3 months ago I began to observe Venus
with the instrument, and I saw her in a round shape and very small.
which would put the start of his observation at the end of September or
the beginning of ober.
Day by day she increased in size and maintained that round shape
until finally, attaining a very great distance from the Sun, the
roundness of her eastern part began to diminish, and in a few days
she was reduced to a semicircle.
Venus was very near the horizon then, and remained low for another month
or so. It's also likely that in his instrument, he wouldn't have been
able to distinguish its phase from a disk until early to mid-November,
which is why he described its change to a semicircle as taking only a
few days.
A quick check in SkyMap produces the following for Venus.
date alt phase diam mag
---------------------------------
1 Sep 6 .86 12 -3.9
1 7 .78 14 -4.0
1 Nov 11 .68 17 -4.1
1 Dec 18 .58 21 -4.3
1 Jan 28 .41 30 -4.5
Check these numbers if you need them to be accurate. The altitude is in
degrees at half an hour after sunset at a latitude of 45N. The diameter
is in arcseconds.
- Ernie http://home.comcast.net/~erniew
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Date: 11 Sep 2006 23:21:53
From: Brian Tung
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
|
Ernie Wright wrote:
> Galileo announced his observation of the phases of Venus in a letter to
> Giuliano de Medici dated 11 December 1610. He hid the announcement in
> the form of an anagram,
>
> Haec immatura a me iam frustra leguntur o y
Which incidentally also (mostly) makes sense in Latin: "These unripe
things are read in vain by me"--ostensibly an indication of the
prematurity of the observations at that time. He wanted to stake a
claim to primacy, but the scientist in him wouldn't let him make the
claim before he was certain it was right. The 'o' and 'y' are in there
just to make the anagram come out right.
> which when unscrambled is
>
> Cynthiae figuras aemulatur mater amorum
> The mother of love emulates the figures of Cynthia
> Venus has phases like the Moon
>
> This is all from Albert Van Helden's English translation of Sidereus
> Nuncius.
--
Brian Tung <brian@isi.edu >
The Astronomy Corner at http://astro.isi.edu/
Unofficial C5+ Home Page at http://astro.isi.edu/c5plus/
The PleiadAtlas Home Page at http://astro.isi.edu/pleiadatlas/
My Own Personal FAQ (SAA) at http://astro.isi.edu/reference/faq.html
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Date: 22 Sep 2006 00:45:20
From: Hupat Tipo Netscapoetrxcvc
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
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Brian Tung wrote:
> Ernie Wright wrote:
> > Galileo announced his observation of the phases of Venus in a letter to
> > Giuliano de Medici dated 11 December 1610. He hid the announcement in
> > the form of an anagram,
> >
> > Haec immatura a me iam frustra leguntur o y
>
> Which incidentally also (mostly) makes sense in Latin: "These unripe
unripe = "incomplete" in this context. Literalist too much you are.
>
> things are read in vain by me"--ostensibly an indication of the
> prematurity of the observations at that time.
precisely.
> He wanted to stake a
> claim to primacy, but the scientist in him wouldn't let him make the
> claim before he was certain it was right.
precisely, his character at work.
> The 'o' and 'y' are in there
> just to make the anagram come out right.
you sure about that? oyvey!
>
>
> > which when unscrambled is
> >
> > Cynthiae figuras aemulatur mater amorum
> > The mother of love emulates the figures of Cynthia
> > Venus has phases like the Moon
> >
> > This is all from Albert Van Helden's English translation of Sidereus
> > Nuncius.
>
> --
> Brian Tung <brian@isi.edu>
> The Astronomy Corner at http://astro.isi.edu/
> Unofficial C5+ Home Page at http://astro.isi.edu/c5plus/
> The PleiadAtlas Home Page at http://astro.isi.edu/pleiadatlas/
> My Own Personal FAQ (SAA) at http://astro.isi.edu/reference/faq.html
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Date: 22 Sep 2006 09:00:45
From: Brian Tung
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
|
Yoda wrote:
> > > Haec immatura a me iam frustra leguntur o y
> >
> > Which incidentally also (mostly) makes sense in Latin: "These unripe
>
> unripe = "incomplete" in this context. Literalist too much you are.
"Unripe" in English "incomplete" also means.
--
Brian Tung <brian@isi.edu >
The Astronomy Corner at http://astro.isi.edu/
Unofficial C5+ Home Page at http://astro.isi.edu/c5plus/
The PleiadAtlas Home Page at http://astro.isi.edu/pleiadatlas/
My Own Personal FAQ (SAA) at http://astro.isi.edu/reference/faq.html
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Date: 11 Sep 2006 21:46:26
From: William Hamblen
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
|
On 2006-09-11, <Thierry > <Thierry> wrote:
> A question about historical truth.
> It is said that Galileo discovered the phases of Venus phases in 1610. OK.
> It is also said that he invented his scope only in 1610
> Two dates to be confirmed, and if possible in the month close...
>
> If I simulate the sky at that time, of Firenze, arcetri, we discover that in
> Jan-April 1610 Venus was in the East, 10° over the horizon with 80%+
> illuminated, thus very small, and at the end in the rays of sun. hard to
> imagine that he observed it at that time. It nevertheless could have did it.
> On the other hand, at the autumn 1609 venus shows a fine crescent, and was
> higher in the sky of the morning
> Idem from ober 1610 but, this time in the eve.
>
> However it would have published his Siderius Nuncius in March 1610 (also to
> re-confirm).
> Impossible thus that he observed the beautiful crescent of venus before
> publishing his book.
>
> It was thus to have written his explanation and signed the "go for
> printing", say at least 1 month before, in February
> If one assumes that it was very smart, it obviously could have interpreted
> the phases right between the invention of his scope and February 1610.
> But that leaves him just a few weeks, and in counting on clear sky every
> days, to discover the phases and its explanations, under bad seeing, without
> speaking about his optics....
>
> The book having been published in March, he would thus have observed Venus
> at the worst moment of its phase Or he had to develop his scope in 1609...
> But here also, the first drafts of Giovanni Battista della Porta were
> published in August 1609... (to confirm as well). But that of Galileo would
> not have been invented yet at that time.
>
> That would tend to confirm that Galileo would have discovered the Venus
> phases at a time it had a small diameter (< 15-12" if I remember well) under
> very difficult conditions (both hardware and astronomical). The discovery
> would all the more be deserving.
> But is this well at that time that all that was held ?
>
> Who could find me the exact dates (invention of Galileo's scope, 1st obs.,
> obser. of Venus phases, publication of Messenger, etc)
The phases of Venus are in "Dialog Concerning the Two Chief
World Systems", which printed in 1632, and aren't in "Starry
Messenger", which was printed in 1610. There are fairly recent
English translations of both (Stillman & Van Helden).
I've got the Reston bio of Galileo around here somewhere. As
best as I remember, Galileo made a telescope sometime in 1609,
not long after news of the invention reached him.
Bud
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Date: 12 Sep 2006 13:33:24
From:
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
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"William Hamblen" <wrhamblen@comcast.net > wrote in message
news:oYOdnef4PoAfgpvYnZ2dnUVZ_tKdnZ2d@comcast.com...
> On 2006-09-11, <Thierry> <Thierry> wrote:
>
>> A question about historical truth.
>> It is said that Galileo discovered the phases of Venus phases in 1610.
>> OK.
>> It is also said that he invented his scope only in 1610
>> Two dates to be confirmed, and if possible in the month close...
>>
>> If I simulate the sky at that time, of Firenze, arcetri, we discover that
>> in
>...
>> However it would have published his Siderius Nuncius in March 1610 (also
>> to
>> re-confirm).
>....
> The phases of Venus are in "Dialog Concerning the Two Chief
> World Systems", which printed in 1632, and aren't in "Starry
> Messenger", which was printed in 1610. There are fairly recent
> English translations of both (Stillman & Van Helden).
>
> I've got the Reston bio of Galileo around here somewhere. As
> best as I remember, Galileo made a telescope sometime in 1609,
> not long after news of the invention reached him.
Indeed. One more of my mistakes. The scope was indeed presented on August
21, 1609 (35 mm dia., 3x then 6x).
I had the Siderius but I mismatched what I read (there is long time ago).
Someone else confirmed me that there is no reference to venus in this
booklet, and the latinese text doesn't show any drawingf of venus
http://www.liberliber.it/biblioteca/g/galilei/sidereus_nuncius/html/sidereus.htm
So Galileo had all the time to observe venus after March 1610 until his
presentation in March 1611.
Indeed, according to simulation, the crescent began to appear around the end
of 1610 and specially in dec 1610 (25") and february 1611 with a giant 57".
In sep 1610, when it seems have began to look at Venus, I think that it was
almost impossible for him to see the disk differently than a bright oval
spot, to confirm (he used a scope 3-8x only then about 30x) but venus showed
a diameter close to 12-15" only, 1/4 the one of jupiter that was already
quite small in his first scope.
So it is time for me to update my text and drawings at
http://www.astrosurf.org/lombry/galilee-hommage.htm
Thierry
>
> Bud
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Date: 12 Sep 2006 02:35:08
From: robert casey
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
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> It is also said that he invented his scope only in 1610
Heard that Galileo didn't invent the telescope, but was the first to
look at objects in the sky as a scientist. Others who had telescopes
for looking for ships and such probably took a peak at the Moon but
never did anything with those observations.
Also heard that the scope Galileo had was a real POS, and he would have
loved to have gotten his hands on one of our Christmas gift trash scopes
from WalMart. Even though those are POS's, they'd better his POS...
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Date: 11 Sep 2006 23:17:52
From: Brian Tung
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
|
robert casey wrote:
> Also heard that the scope Galileo had was a real POS, and he would have
> loved to have gotten his hands on one of our Christmas gift trash scopes
> from WalMart. Even though those are POS's, they'd better his POS...
As I understand it, it wasn't the execution so much as the design. It
had inherent aberrations, but the scopes he produced performed about as
well as a modern example of the same design would. There was a recent
article in Sky and Telescope or Night Sky about this.
--
Brian Tung <brian@isi.edu >
The Astronomy Corner at http://astro.isi.edu/
Unofficial C5+ Home Page at http://astro.isi.edu/c5plus/
The PleiadAtlas Home Page at http://astro.isi.edu/pleiadatlas/
My Own Personal FAQ (SAA) at http://astro.isi.edu/reference/faq.html
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Date: 12 Sep 2006 12:42:44
From:
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
|
"Brian Tung" <brian@isi.edu > wrote in message
news:ee5jeg$3sf$1@praesepe.isi.edu...
> robert casey wrote:
>> Also heard that the scope Galileo had was a real POS, and he would have
>> loved to have gotten his hands on one of our Christmas gift trash scopes
>> from WalMart. Even though those are POS's, they'd better his POS...
>
> As I understand it, it wasn't the execution so much as the design. It
> had inherent aberrations, but the scopes he produced performed about as
> well as a modern example of the same design would. There was a recent
> article in Sky and Telescope or Night Sky about this.
I confirm Brian.
The patent was already almost in the public domain as the design was really
simple.
Galileo simply improved the design but lenses being very expensive (and they
are always), most lenses show bubble, colors and other artifacts (see the
collection at IMSS, firenze)
However, thanks to his scopes enlarging from 3 to 30x + only he disovered
all we know.
His best scopes, even if they show a small FOV (15-45') and poor ep. are of
excellent quality for the time.
Thierry
http://www.astrosurf.org/lombry/galilee-lunettes.htm
>
> --
> Brian Tung <brian@isi.edu>
> The Astronomy Corner at http://astro.isi.edu/
> Unofficial C5+ Home Page at http://astro.isi.edu/c5plus/
> The PleiadAtlas Home Page at http://astro.isi.edu/pleiadatlas/
> My Own Personal FAQ (SAA) at http://astro.isi.edu/reference/faq.html
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Date: 12 Sep 2006 19:45:56
From: robert casey
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
|
> His best scopes, even if they show a small FOV (15-45') and poor ep. are of
> excellent quality for the time.
>
Galileo wasn't able to make sense of Saturn. But he may have had in the
back of his mind that all objects in the sky are spheres, and tried his
best to reconcile that with what he saw of Saturn. The image size must
have been pretty small, and any issues with the scope probably made
things even harder to figure out. He thought Saturn was 3 spheres in a
row. But those side spheres varied in size over the years. I think he
just left it as an unsolved mystery to be solved later rather than
declare something as solid fact.
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Date: 11 Sep 2006 23:43:00
From: OG
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
|
<Thierry > wrote in message news:4505e10c$1@news.vo.lu...
> Hello,
>
> A question about historical truth.
> It is said that Galileo discovered the phases of Venus phases in 1610. OK.
> It is also said that he invented his scope only in 1610
> Two dates to be confirmed, and if possible in the month close...
Looks like the dates may be in error
Wikipedia
"Based only on sketchy descriptions of the telescope, invented in the
Netherlands in 1608, Galileo made one with about 8x magnification, and then
made improved models up to about 20x. On August 25, 1609, he demonstrated
his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo#Astronomy
> If I simulate the sky at that time, of Firenze, arcetri, we discover that
> in Jan-April 1610 Venus was in the East, 10° over the horizon with 80%+
> illuminated, thus very small, and at the end in the rays of sun. hard to
> imagine that he observed it at that time. It nevertheless could have did
> it.
> On the other hand, at the autumn 1609 venus shows a fine crescent, and was
> higher in the sky of the morning
Good work, and could well suggest that he observed Venus in Autumn 1609
rather than early in 1610.
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Date: 12 Sep 2006 01:07:20
From:
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
|
"OG" <owen@gwynnefamily.org.uk > wrote in message
news:4mm73sF6pfq4U1@individual.net...
>
> <Thierry> wrote in message news:4505e10c$1@news.vo.lu...
>> Hello,
>>
>> A question about historical truth.
>> It is said that Galileo discovered the phases of Venus phases in 1610.
>> OK.
>> It is also said that he invented his scope only in 1610
>> Two dates to be confirmed, and if possible in the month close...
>
> Looks like the dates may be in error
> Wikipedia
> "Based only on sketchy descriptions of the telescope, invented in the
> Netherlands in 1608, Galileo made one with about 8x magnification, and
> then made improved models up to about 20x. On August 25, 1609, he
> demonstrated his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers."
Right. My mistake. I reread , my notes (I always wonder of the number of
information i found on my own site and that I have forgotten, of almost).
Hopefully there is a search engine....
Galileo seems have demonstrated his scope already on August 21. Its
magnification was 3x.
Remain to confirm the first observation of venus and with what scope
Thierry
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Date: 12 Sep 2006 01:00:57
From:
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
|
"OG" <owen@gwynnefamily.org.uk > wrote in message
news:4mm73sF6pfq4U1@individual.net...
>
> <Thierry> wrote in message news:4505e10c$1@news.vo.lu...
>> Hello,
>>
>> A question about historical truth.
>> It is said that Galileo discovered the phases of Venus phases in 1610.
>> OK.
>> It is also said that he invented his scope only in 1610
>> Two dates to be confirmed, and if possible in the month close...
>
> Looks like the dates may be in error
> Wikipedia
Not sure that wikipedia is a formal source of information
It will be not the first time that i correct data because references or
commentaries are not accurate, mix with rumor, etc.
I am agree that there are a lot of good things on wikipedia, I work on it as
well, but I don't consider it as an official source.
better to go to the museum of science of firenze, don't you think...
Thierry
> "Based only on sketchy descriptions of the telescope, invented in the
> Netherlands in 1608, Galileo made one with about 8x magnification, and
> then made improved models up to about 20x. On August 25, 1609, he
> demonstrated his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers."
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo#Astronomy
>
>> If I simulate the sky at that time, of Firenze, arcetri, we discover that
>> in Jan-April 1610 Venus was in the East, 10° over the horizon with 80%+
>> illuminated, thus very small, and at the end in the rays of sun. hard to
>> imagine that he observed it at that time. It nevertheless could have did
>> it.
>> On the other hand, at the autumn 1609 venus shows a fine crescent, and
>> was higher in the sky of the morning
>
> Good work, and could well suggest that he observed Venus in Autumn 1609
> rather than early in 1610.
>
>
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Date: 12 Sep 2006 14:53:43
From: Llanzlan Klazmon
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
|
<Thierry > wrote in news:4505eaaa@news.vo.lu:
>
> "OG" <owen@gwynnefamily.org.uk> wrote in message
> news:4mm73sF6pfq4U1@individual.net...
>>
>> <Thierry> wrote in message news:4505e10c$1@news.vo.lu...
>>> Hello,
>>>
>>> A question about historical truth.
>>> It is said that Galileo discovered the phases of Venus phases in 1610.
>>> OK.
>>> It is also said that he invented his scope only in 1610
>>> Two dates to be confirmed, and if possible in the month close...
>>
>> Looks like the dates may be in error
>> Wikipedia
>
> Not sure that wikipedia is a formal source of information
> It will be not the first time that i correct data because references or
> commentaries are not accurate, mix with rumor, etc.
> I am agree that there are a lot of good things on wikipedia, I work on
> it as well, but I don't consider it as an official source.
> better to go to the museum of science of firenze, don't you think...
>
> Thierry
True but good Wikipedia articles should give references to primary sources.
Klazmon.
>
>> "Based only on sketchy descriptions of the telescope, invented in the
>> Netherlands in 1608, Galileo made one with about 8x magnification, and
>> then made improved models up to about 20x. On August 25, 1609, he
>> demonstrated his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers."
>> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo#Astronomy
>>
>>> If I simulate the sky at that time, of Firenze, arcetri, we discover
>>> that in Jan-April 1610 Venus was in the East, 10° over the horizon
>>> with 80%+ illuminated, thus very small, and at the end in the rays of
>>> sun. hard to imagine that he observed it at that time. It nevertheless
>>> could have did it.
>>> On the other hand, at the autumn 1609 venus shows a fine crescent, and
>>> was higher in the sky of the morning
>>
>> Good work, and could well suggest that he observed Venus in Autumn 1609
>> rather than early in 1610.
>>
>>
>
>
>
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Date: 12 Sep 2006 11:39:25
From: canopus56
Subject: Re: galileo galilei - dates to confirm
|
Thierry wrote:
<snip >
> Galileo simply improved the design but lenses being very expensive (and they
> are always), most lenses show bubble, colors and other artifacts (see the
> collection at IMSS, firenze)
The other thing I like about Galileo's telescope is his micrometer that
was attached to the telescope. It was used to measure the angular
positions of Jupiter's moons and the relative angular sizes of planets.
Apparently, a physical copy of the micrometer did not survive. Here's
an interesting simulation of the micrometer.
Simulation of the micrometer attached to Galileo's telescope
Institute and Museum of the History of Science in Florence
http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/museum/esim.asp?c=100505
(Right-hand sidebar)
- Canopus56
P.S. for lurkers -
Other pictures of Galileo's telescope at the Institute and Museum of
the History of Science in Florence
http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/museum/esim.asp?c=500104
These supplement the excellent photographs at Thierry's site:
http://www.astrosurf.org/lombry/galilee-lunettes.htm
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